Njengomkhiqizo obalulekile wenguquko yezinto zokwenziwa zekhulu lama-20{{1}, ukuzalwa nokuthuthukiswa kwamashubhu enayiloni akubonisi nje kuphela inqubekelaphambili yesayensi ye-polymer kodwa futhi kubangela izinguquko ezijulile zobuchwepheshe ezimbonini ezifana nezimboni, imithi, nezimoto. Ngokombono wesayensi, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamashubhu enayiloni kuhlanganisa ubuhlakani bemikhakha eminingi, okuhlanganisa isayensi yezinto zokwakha, ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, kanye nemishini. Kokubili kuyisibonelo esivamile sokuguqulwa kwethiyori yesayensi eyisisekelo ibe ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo kanye ne-microcosm yokuhlola komuntu imingcele{4}}yezinto zokusebenza eziphezulu.
Izinqubo Zobunjiniyela zePolymer Science
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenayiloni (i-polyamide) kumake okokuqala lapho abantu bakhe khona ingxenye-ye-crystalline polymer material enenani elingokoqobo besebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali. Yathuthukiswa i-DuPont ngo-1935, inayiloni 6,6 inezinto eziphelele ezihlukile ngenxa yokuhlelwa okujwayelekile kwamaqembu e-amide (-CONH-) ochungechungeni lwe-molecular: amandla aphezulu emishini, ukumelana nokuguga, ukumelana nokubola kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokuguquguquka okulingene. Lapho le nto icutshungulwa ibe yizakhiwo zamashubhu, ososayensi bathole ngempumelelo ukulawula okuqondisiwe kwezakhiwo zayo ngokulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo samangqamuzana, ubukristalu, nokuma kwayo. Isibonelo, izifunda ezicwebe kakhulu zinikeza ukusekela okuqinile, kuyilapho izifunda ze-amorphous zinikeza ukunwebeka okudingekayo kushubhu. Le bhalansi ethambile ye-microstructures iyisibonelo sakudala sethiyori "yesakhiwo{10}}sobudlelwane bempahla" kusayensi yezinto.
Ukushintshwa Okuphazamisayo Embonini
Enkathini ebuswa amapayipi ensimbi noma enjoloba endabuko, ukuvela kwamapayipi enayiloni kuye kwachaza kabusha i-paradigm yokuklama yezinhlelo zokuthutha uketshezi. Ngokuminyana okungu-1/7 kuphela kwensimbi, ingakwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi zokuqhuma ezifanayo noma eziphakeme nakakhulu. Lesi sici siqhubekisele ngqo uguquko olungasindi ezinhlelweni ezisebenza nge-hydraulic emkhakheni we-aerospace. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi amasistimu kaphethiloli endiza esebenzisa amapayipi enayiloni angehlisa isisindo ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-30, okwenza ngcono kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Embonini yamakhemikhali, ukubekezelela inayiloni kumithombo ye-asidi ne-alkaline (efana{7}}njengokubekezelelana kwesikhathi eside kuzindawo ze-pH 2-12) kuyenza ibe inketho ekhethwayo yokuthutha uketshezi olubolayo, ukugwema izingozi zokugqwala kwe-electrochemical zamapayipi ensimbi. Lokhu kushintsha kwezinto akukhona nje ukuthuthukiswa kwezindleko zobunjiniyela kodwa futhi kuwukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kwezokuphepha nokuzinza.
Inkundla yokuhlola yokuqanjwa kabusha kwe-Interdisciplinary
Ucwaningo lwamapayipi enayiloni luyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngenkundla eyingqayizivele yokusebenzisana kwemikhakha eminingi. Emkhakheni we-fluid mechanics, ososayensi baye baqinisekisa ukusebenza kwamamodeli okungewona-e-Newtonian fluid ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomngcele ngokusebenzisa izilinganiso ezinembile zezici ezinyakazayo zoketshezi ngaphakathi kwamashubhu enayiloni. Kubunjiniyela be-biomedical, amashubhu enayiloni-ebanga lezokwelapha (njengalawo ahambisana namazinga e-USP Class VI) asephenduke izingxenye ezibalulekile ku-prototyping yemithambo yegazi yokwenziwa kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ngenxa yokuhambisana kwazo ne-biocompatibility kanye nokubekezelela okunembile kobubanzi bangaphakathi. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlabayo-zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezinto zolwelwesi lwesihlungi kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwe-microporous yamashubhu enayiloni, noma ukuwanikeza imisebenzi evelayo efana ne-conductivity kanye{6}}ukuziphilisa ngokuguqulwa kwe-nanocomposite. Lokhu kuhlola kwandisa ngokuqhubekayo imingcele yesayensi yezinto ze-polymer.
I-Materials Inspiration for Sustainable Development Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwesimanje lwamashubhu enayiloni lugxile ekulungiseni okunobungani bemvelo. Ngokuhlanganisa inayiloni evela ku-bio-esekelwe ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zokusetshenziswa (njengamafutha e-castor{2}}esuselwe ku-caprolactam) noma ukwakha inayiloni ekwazi ukugaywa kabusha ye-copolymer, ososayensi bazama ukubhekana nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwenayiloni yendabuko. Idizayini yamangqamuzana ezinzinzisi ukushisa nezibambisi ze-UV zandisa ukumelana nesimo sezulu samashubhu enayiloni phakathi-nokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwangaphandle. Lezi zifundo azigcini nje ngokuphathelene nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwezinto ngokwazo, kodwa futhi ziphethe umgomo wesayensi wokuguqula imboni yezinto zokwakha ngaphansi kwenhloso yomhlaba wonke yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni.
Kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwaselabhorethri kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni zomhlaba wonke, ukubaluleka kwesayensi kwamashubhu enayiloni kudlula kude ububanzi bento eyodwa. Iqinisekisa indima eyinhloko yocwaningo oluyisisekelo ekusungulweni kwezobuchwepheshe, ibonisa ukuhlakanipha okuyingqayizivele kobunjiniyela bezinto ezibonakalayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zobunjiniyela, futhi inikeza isiqondiso sendlela yokwenza{1}}izinkambu zomphetho zesikhathi esizayo ezifana nezinto ezihlakaniphile nezinto ze-biomedical. Indaba yamashubhu enayiloni iyaqhubeka nokubhalwa endleleni yesintu eya ekulinganiseni phakathi kokusebenza okuphezulu nokusimama.
